koglist October 1995

koglist@maillist.ttk.hu

11 participants
21 discussions

by forrai＠osiris.elte.hu

Par hettel ezelott elkuldtem az Images and Reality cimu konferencia fel- hivasat. Azota tobben kerdeztek, hogy az absztraktot milyen nyelven kerjuk. Nos, angolul. Emlekezteto: a leadasi hatarido jan. 31. Forrai Gabor

30 years, 6 months

help

by K2GABRIS＠mzg1025.odin.net

HELPGabris Aurel

30 years, 6 months

Sex and Odor: Psyc Call for Book Reviewers

by harnad＠cogsci.soton.ac.uk

CALL FOR BOOK REVIEWERS Below is the Precis of THE SCENT OF EROS by James Kohl (266 lines). This book has been selected for multiple review in PSYCOLOQUY. If you wish to submit a formal book review (see Instructions following Precis) please write to psyc(a)pucc.princeton.edu indicating what expertise you would bring to bear on reviewing the book if you were selected to review it. (If you have never reviewed for PSYCOLOQUY or Behavioral & Brain Sciences before, it would be helpful if you could also append a copy of your CV to your message.) If you are selected as one of the reviewers and do not have a copy of the book, you will be sent a copy of the book directly by the publisher (please let us know if you have a copy already). Reviews may also be submitted without invitation, but all reviews will be refereed. The author will reply to all accepted reviews. AUTHOR'S RATIONALE FOR SOLICITING COMMENTARY As evidenced by menstrual synchrony and suppression, coitus-induced ovulation, entrainment of hormone cycles in couples, and by other effects, human pheromones elicit a homologous "neuroendocrine" response and also appear to influence behavior. Thus, human pheromones may fulfill the biological criteria required for linking at least one aspect of a sensory-based, nurturing social environment to the genetic nature of human behavior through a five-step pathway common to all terrestrial mammals and to many other vertebrates. The concurrent development and maturation of the olfactory, GnRH neuronal, neuroendocrine, reproductive sexual, and central nervous systems allows postnatal pheromone exposure to have organizational and activational effects on the brain and on behavior, whenever in life this exposure occurs. The influence of human odors and human olfaction in behavioral and brain sciences is an issue that has generally been avoided despite the existence of mammalian and other phylogenetically sound models; information in this book contradicts the current theory that humans are microsmatic and that we do not use olfaction to the same degree as other mammals, albeit subconsciously. The book integrates a body of brain and behavioral data (e.g., olfaction in classically-conditioned hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis driven behaviors); and places dissociated areas of research into an evolutionary perspective. ------------------------------------------------------------------------- psycoloquy.95.6.33.sex-odor.1.kohl Sunday 29 October 1995 ISSN 1055-0143 (22 paragraphs, 2 references, 266 lines) PSYCOLOQUY is sponsored by the American Psychological Association (APA) Copyright 1995 James Kohl Precis of: THE SCENT OF EROS: MYSTERIES OF ODOR IN HUMAN SEXUALITY by James Vaughn Kohl and Robert T. Francoeur New York: Continuum Publishing Company, 1995 14 chapters, 268 pages James Kohl 2621 Seashore Drive Las Vegas, NV 89128 (702) 255-3414 Email: jkohl(a)vegas.infi.net ABSTRACT: This Precis provides an overview of the book "The Scent of Eros: Mysteries of Odor in Human Sexuality," which details for a general audience a five-step biological pathway that allows the social environment to influence the genetic nature of mammalian behavior. This pathway is: gene-cell-tissue-organ-organ system. Moreover, though there are many environmental influences on genes, mammalian pheromones are the only known social-environmental stimuli that appear to activate gene expression in neurosecretory cells of tissue in the brain, an organ that is essential to any organ system involved in behavior. Human pheromones appear both to elicit a homologous "neuroendocrine" response and to influence behavior. Thus, human pheromones may fulfill the biological criteria required to link at least one aspect of a sensory-based, nurturing, social environment: olfaction, to the genetic nature of human behavior through a five-step pathway common to all terrestrial mammals and to many other vertebrates. KEYWORDS: behavioral development, genetics, gonadotropin, human sexuality, neuroanatomy, neuroendocrinology, odors, olfaction, pheromones, releasing hormone 1. This book incorporates both non-human animal and human models of reciprocity among odors, olfaction, neuroendocrinology, and behavior. It details the likely influences both of human chemical communication and of olfaction on genes in neurosecretory neurons. These neurons are found in brain tissue responsible for integrating, coordinating, and directing reproductive endocrine function in organs that comprise the organ systems known to influence mammalian reproductive sexual behavior and human sexuality. Though this book is not written to meet any requirements of a "hard scientific" approach to interdisciplinary topics, it is fully referenced for the knowledgeable scientist and for those interested either in further study or in support for any conclusions. Also included are chapter notes, a glossary, and an index. 2. After a Foreward by William E. Hartman and Marilyn A. Fithian and an Introduction by the co-author, Chapter 1 begins with commentary on previously published works by various scientific authorities who have offered their insights into the importance of human chemical communication. Among these authorities are Havelock Ellis, Irving Bieber, and Lewis Thomas, who offered the following statement: "I should think we might fairly gauge the future of biological science, centuries ahead, by estimating the time it will take to reach a complete, comprehensive understanding of odor. It may not seem a profound enough problem to dominate all the life sciences, but it contains, piece by piece all the mysteries." (Thomas, 1980) 3. In Chapter 1, there are fourteen examples of the many questions that may be answered when one considers the likelihood of odorous human communication. Most of these questions concern different aspects of human sexuality. Briefly deliberated are concerns about an ineffective "language of olfaction" and errors in the logic that has been used in the past to deny the importance of odor in human sexuality. The introductory focus then turns to biological consistency among species; the common basis for scientific advancements; and the development of the working hypothesis that odors are a primary influence on human sexuality. 4. Chemical communication and its importance in other species from insects to mammals is more fully detailed in Chapter 2. The term pheromone is defined, with added emphasis of one basic causal relationship, namely, that mammalian pheromones appear to influence the secretion of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), a hormone with both short-term and long-term effects on neurotransmission. Distinguishing characteristics of pheromones like species-specificity, and the differences between signalling and releasing pheromones are added to the definition. After a brief discussion of mammalian pheromones, the natural production of human odors is discussed and anecdotal evidence of some of their effects are offered as support for the concept of human pheromones. 5. Chapter 3 alludes to Greek mythology; the story of Ariadne's thread, which metaphorically addresses the issue of biological consistency among species. The development of the mammalian sense of smell is detailed from its beginnings in single-celled organisms. Olfactory transduction is briefly discussed. Four crucial turning points in the development of mammalian chemical communication systems, which contribute to species survival, are: (1) the release of pheromones to attract another organism, which occurs in single-celled non-motile organisms, (2) the ability to detect and respond to chemical messengers with movement, which occurs in motile single-celled organisms (3) the development of neural networks devoted to processing chemical signals, which occurs in brainless invertebrates, and (4) phylogenetic advances in the development of these neural networks to include development of the vertebrate brain. Species-specific comparisons and contrasts in structure and function are provided. 6. Chapter 4 offers an ontogenetic perspective on development, both of the mammalian olfactory systems and of the GnRH neuronal system. The ontogenetic connection between the structure and function of olfactory sensory systems and brain development ascends in its significance because it allows the odorous social environment to directly and indirectly influence brain function by acting on GnRH, which in turn has short-term effects on neurotransmission and long-term effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. 7. Kallmann's syndrome represents a failure of GnRH neuronal migration. Correlates with anosmia and the inability to fall in love are noted, as are correlates with the GnRH neuronal system and brain development in other species. Additional aspects of olfactory transduction and signal processing are discussed. There are differences between the main olfactory system and the accessory olfactory system. The importance of the vomeronasal organ (VNO) for pheromone detection in other species and renewed interest in the recently confirmed presence of the human VNO add to the argument for the influence of odors on human sexuality. 8. Chapter 5 begins with anthropological folklore associated with odor and human behavior and progresses to a discussion of empirical evidence for this link. The metabolism of hormones into pheromones is noted. Specifically addressed are experiments with putative human pheromones and the likelihood of causal physiological and behavioral relationships. Comparisons and contrasts among species again are offered in this regard. The use of mammalian pheromones in fragrances designed to enhance the sexual appeal of humans is examined. The naturally occurring fragrance of musk, present in the secretions of many species, is held in high regard for its universal sex-attractant properties. 9. Chapter 6 reports on experiments with consciously processed human odors, beginning with the classically-conditioned response of infants to their mothers' naturally-scented or artificially-scented breasts. Olfactory imprinting and the importance of the mother-infant bond are linked through non-human animal models to the development of neural templates and the human "love map". Aspects of odor hedonics are detailed. 10. Children can determine the genetic sex of adults, and adults can distinguish between different people using their sense of smell. The importance of mammalian odors in aggression and in other contexts besides the mother-infant bond suggests human correlates. Similarly, clinical and anecdotal evidence that humans are culturally aware of odor-associated customs enhances a more scientific approach to the link between sex and the human sense of smell. Odors and fetishism are linked. The natural superiority of women's olfactory acuity and specificity is linked to estrogen levels and to an important role in female choice: What human beings lack in acuity they make up for in powers of discrimination, which rival those of any other mammal. 11. Chapter 7 is a simplistic overview of prenatal GnRH neuronal system development. Included are genetic predisposition and the importance of GnRH pulsatility in the regulation of the HPG axis. This chapter begins, however, with the importance of chemical communication between ovum and spermatozoa and progresses through basic genetics, neuroanatomy, endocrinology, and endocrine aspects of neurotransmission. Postnatally, odor input is linked to human HPG axis function. Pheromone input appears to be indirectly measurable in assays of luteinizing hormone. 12. Beginning with the "nature" versus "nurture" controversy, Chapter 8 proceeds to the important issue of finding a link between the social environment and genes. The likelihood that genes are involved both in physiological and in behavioral cause and effect relationships is detailed. The influence of pheromones on genes and on concurrent neuroendocrine, reproductive system, and central nervous system development is proposed. 13. Twin studies are discussed, as is recent evidence of master genes that may allow chemical communication at the cellular level to play a primary role in behavioral development and in sexual orientation. Genetic conservation among species, specifically with regard to chemical communication, is addressed. Enzymes and chemical responses are linked with human behavior, as are genes and G protein-coupled receptors through an example of familial precocious puberty. Correlates between adrenal androgen metabolism, pheromone production, sexual dimorphism in the human hypothalamus, and human sexual orientation are offered. 14. Chapter 9 details aspects of human consciousness and of limbic learning and memory. Olfaction plays a key role by providing input to the medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus. Comparisons and contrasts among species and among theories of consciousness are offered. 15. The importance of linking specialized research in diverse disciplines is made known, namely, how a "gay gene" might influence both human neuroanatomy and human sexuality. Dean Hamer has proposed the following: "The most simple hypothesis would be that the Xq28 makes a protein that is directly involved in the growth or death of neurons in the INAH-3. Alternatively, the gene could encode a protein that influences the regulation of this region by hormones." (Hamer & Copeland 1994). 16. Effects of pheromones on other species are favorably compared to the effects of putative human pheromones. A consciously-processed odor stimulus has been used as an adjunct to classically condition the human immune response, thereby adding clinical significance to the effects of odors. 17. Chapter 10 reveals evidence of odor-driven hormonal effects on human behavior and on sexuality, again using cross-species comparisons that link information provided in earlier chapters. Examples supporting a link between pheromones and human sexuality are discussed. The "Law of Propinquity" appears to be invalidated by experience with pheromones that create more of a friendship or kinship bond, perhaps also creating an antibond effect on love. There is evidence that humans mate for genetic diversity on the basis of unconscious odor associations, and that odors may be involved in the Coolidge effect. 18. The sources of human pheromones are detailed in Chapter 11, with a discussion of the role of glandular secretions, fatty acids, bacteria, skin cells, and the relationship between levels or ratios of sex hormones and pheromone production. Important aspects of pheromone distribution are then linked to intimate behavioral associations. Androgenization appears to stimulate secretion of a more masculine pheromone signature. Odors can be used in clinical diagnostics. The inherent difficulties of human pheromone research are briefly discussed. 19. Chapter 12 links human pheromones to various courtship behaviors (e.g., dancing, kissing, et al.,) that appear to become progressively more intimate with increasing exposure to pheromones. Stereotypic attractive qualities (e.g., large breasts or hair color and distribution) with anecdotal evidence of causal relationships between pheromones, attraction, and intimacy are represented both positively and negatively. Culturally, negative representations often appear to correlate well with sexual repression. Racial differences in odor production that may contribute to racial prejudice are briefly addressed. 20. Included in Chapter 13 is a discussion of results from the National Geographic Smell Survey. Data was collected from approximately one and a half million people worldwide. Causes of anosmia and its link both to genetics and to the GnRH neuronal systems are detailed, as are links between damage to the VNO, age-related disorders, olfactory deficits, and behavior. 21. Chapter 14 provides both a historical and a modern-day overview of aromatherapy. Cultural differences in odor hedonics are explained by odor-associated classical conditioning. The roles of chemicals now known to function as human pheromones and of putative human pheromones in fragrances for commercial use is discussed. A brief summation of current research supporting the hypothesis that human pheromones are a primary influence on human sexuality is provided. 22. I believe that "the pheromones of other mammals are the only social-environmental stimuli to influence genes [in GnRH neurons]." Accordingly, human pheromones are the most likely link between the "nature" and the "nurture" of human sexuality. However, a typographical error: insertion of "not" on page 189, in paragraph 2, line 4 (intended to read as above) detracts from the concluding paragraphs. REFERENCES Thomas, L. (1980) Notes of a biology-watcher: on smell. New England Journal of Medicine 302: 731-733. Hamer, D. & Copeland, P. (1994) The Science of Desire, Simon & Schuster: 163. --------------------------------------------------------------------- PSYCOLOQUY, a refereed electronic journal sponsored by the American Psychological Association, offers authors the service of Multiple Book Reviews to authors of important new books on which they wish to elicit international, interdisciplinary peer feedback: The author must submit a 500-line, self-contained BBS-style Precis and confirm the commitment of his publisher to promptly supply review copies to the reviewers who are selected (the minimum number is six, but the author and publisher may set the ceiling on the maximum number -- PSYCOLOQUY has no upper limit, but all reviews are refereed prior to acceptance). The author must also agree to respond to the reviews, preferably in separate responses, but jointly to several if the topic and timing warrants it. The Precis should be preceded by a Rationale for soliciting multiple book reviews, similar to the Rationale for soliciting commentary (see below). The author should append a list of potential reviewers, with their email addresses. ------------------------------------------------------------------ INSTRUCTIONS FOR PSYCOLOQUY AUTHORS AND COMMENTATORS PSYCOLOQUY is a refereed electronic journal (ISSN 1055-0143) sponsored on an experimental basis by the American Psychological Association and currently estimated to reach a readership of 40,000. PSYCOLOQUY publishes brief reports of new ideas and findings on which the author wishes to solicit rapid peer feedback, international and interdisciplinary ("Scholarly Skywriting"), in all areas of psychology and its related fields (biobehavioral science, cognitive science, neuroscience, social science, etc.). All contributions are refereed. Target article length should normally not exceed 500 lines [c. 4500 words]. Commentaries and responses should not exceed 200 lines [c. 1800 words]. All target articles, commentaries and responses must have (1) a short abstract (up to 100 words for target articles, shorter for commentaries and responses), (2) an indexable title, (3) the authors' full name(s) and institutional address(es). In addition, for target articles only: (4) 6-8 indexable keywords, (5) a separate statement of the authors' rationale for soliciting commentary (e.g., why would commentary be useful and of interest to the field? what kind of commentary do you expect to elicit?) and (6) a list of potential commentators (with their email addresses). All paragraphs should be numbered in articles, commentaries and responses (see format of already published articles in the PSYCOLOQUY archive; line length should be < 80 characters, no hyphenation). It is strongly recommended that all figures be designed so as to be screen-readable ascii. If this is not possible, the provisional solution is the less desirable hybrid one of submitting them as postscript files (or in some other universally available format) to be printed out locally by readers to supplement the screen-readable text of the article. PSYCOLOQUY also publishes multiple reviews of books in any of the above fields; these should normally be the same length as commentaries, but longer reviews will be considered as well. Book authors should submit a 500-line self-contained Precis of their book, in the format of a target article; if accepted, this will be published in PSYCOLOQUY together with a formal Call for Reviews (of the book, not the Precis). The author's publisher must agree in advance to furnish review copies to the reviewers selected. Authors of accepted manuscripts assign to PSYCOLOQUY the right to publish and distribute their text electronically and to archive and make it permanently retrievable electronically, but they retain the copyright, and after it has appeared in PSYCOLOQUY authors may republish their text in any way they wish -- electronic or print -- as long as they clearly acknowledge PSYCOLOQUY as its original locus of publication. However, except in very special cases, agreed upon in advance, contributions that have already been published or are being considered for publication elsewhere are not eligible to be considered for publication in PSYCOLOQUY, Please submit all material to psyc(a)pucc.bitnet or psyc(a)pucc.princeton.edu Anonymous ftp archive is DIRECTORY pub/harnad/Psycoloquy HOST princeton.edu ---------------------------------------------------------------------- CRITERIA FOR ACCEPTANCE: To be eligible for publication, a PSYCOLOQUY target article should not only have sufficient conceptual rigor, empirical grounding, and clarity of style, but should also offer a clear rationale for soliciting Commentary. That rationale should be provided in the author's covering letter, together with a list of suggested commentators. A target article can be (i) the report and discussion of empirical research; (ii) an theoretical article that formally models or systematizes a body of research; or (iii) a novel interpretation, synthesis, or critique of existing experimental or theoretical work. Rrticles dealing with social or philosophical aspects of the behavioral and brain sciences are also eligible.. The service of Open Peer Commentary will be primarily devoted to original unpublished manuscripts. However, a recently published book whose contents meet the standards outlined above may also be eligible for Commentary. In such a Multiple Book Review, a comprehensive, 500-line precis by the author is published in advance of the commentaries and the author's response. In rare special cases, Commentary will also be extended to a position paper or an already published article dealing with particularly influential or controversial research. Submission of an article implies that it has not been published or is not being considered for publication elsewhere. Multiple book reviews and previously published articles appear by invitation only. The Associateship and professional readership of PSYCOLOQUY are encouraged to nominate current topics and authors for Commentary. In all the categories described, the decisive consideration for eligibility will be the desirability of Commentary for the submitted material. Controversially simpliciter is not a sufficient criterion for soliciting Commentary: a paper may be controversial simply because it is wrong or weak. Nor is the mere presence of interdisciplinary aspects sufficient: general cybernetic and "organismic" disquisitions are not appropriate for PSYCOLOQUY. Some appropriate rationales for seeking Open Peer Commentary would be that: (1) the material bears in a significant way on some current controversial issues in behavioral and brain sciences; (2) its findings substantively contradict some well-established aspects of current research and theory; (3) it criticizes the findings, practices, or principles of an accepted or influential line of work; (4) it unifies a substantial amount of disparate research; (5) it has important cross-disciplinary ramifications; (6) it introduces an innovative methodology or formalism for consideration by proponents of the established forms; (7) it meaningfully integrates a body of brain and behavioral data; (8) it places a hitherto dissociated area of research into an evolutionary or ecological perspective; etc. In order to assure communication with potential commentators (and readers) from other PSYCOLOQUY specialty areas, all technical terminology must be clearly defined or simplified, and specialized concepts must be fully described. NOTE TO COMMENTATORS: The purpose of the Open Peer Commentary service is to provide a concentrated constructive interaction between author and commentators on a topic judged to be of broad significance to the biobehavioral science community. Commentators should provide substantive criticism, interpretation, and elaboration as well as any pertinent complementary or supplementary material, such as illustrations; all original data will be refereed in order to assure the archival validity of PSYCOLOQUY commentaries. Commentaries and articles should be free of hyperbole and remarks ad hominem. STYLE AND FORMAT FOR ARTICLES AND COMMENTARIES TARGET ARTICLES: should not exceed 500 lines (~4500 words); commentaries should not exceed 200 lines (1800 words), including references. Spelling, capitalization, and punctuation should be consistent within each article and commentary and should follow the style recommended in the latest edition of A Manual of Style, The University of Chicago Press. It may be helpful to examine a recent issue of PSYCOLOQUY. All submissions must include an indexable title, followed by the authors' names in the form preferred for publication, full institutional addresses and electronic mail addresses, a 100-word abstract, and 6-12 keywords. Tables and diagrams should be made screen-readable wherever possible (if unavoidable, printable postscript files may contain the graphics separately). All paragraphs should be numbered, consecutively. No line should exceed 72 characters, and a blank line should separate paragraphs. REFERENCES: Bibliographic citations in the text must include the author's last name and the date of publication and may include page references. Complete bibliographic information for each citation should be included in the list of references. Examples of correct style are: Brown(1973); (Brown 1973); Brown 1973; 1978); (Brown 1973; Jones 1976); (Brown & Jones 1978); (Brown et al. 1978). References should be typed on a separate sheet in alphabetical order in the style of the following examples. Do not abbreviate journal titles. Kupfermann, I. & Weiss, K. (1978) The command neuron concept. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1:3-39. Dunn, J. (1976) How far do early differences in mother-child relations affect later developments? In: Growing point in ethology, ed. P. P. G. Bateson & R. A. Hinde, Cambridge University Press. Bateson, P. P. G. & Hinde, R. A., eds. (1978) Growing points in ethology, Cambridge University Press. EDITING: PSYCOLOQUY reserves the right to edit and proof all articles and commentaries accepted for publication. Authors of articles will be given the opportunity to review the copy-edited draft. Commentators will be asked to review copy-editing only when changes have been substantial.

30 years, 6 months

2nd Language Learning: BBS Call for Commentators

by harnad＠cogsci.soton.ac.uk

Below is the abstract of a forthcoming target article on: SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION by S. Epstein, S. Flynn and G. Martohardjono This article has been accepted for publication in Behavioral and Brain Sciences (BBS), an international, interdisciplinary journal providing Open Peer Commentary on important and controversial current research in the biobehavioral and cognitive sciences. Commentators must be current BBS Associates or nominated by a current BBS Associate. To be considered as a commentator for this article, to suggest other appropriate commentators, or for information about how to become a BBS Associate, please send email to: bbs(a)soton.ac.uk or write to: Behavioral and Brain Sciences Department of Psychology University of Southampton Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ UNITED KINGDOM http://cogsci.soton.ac.uk/~harnad/bbs.html gopher://gopher.princeton.edu:70/11/.libraries/.pujournals ftp://ftp.princeton.edu/pub/harnad/BBS To help us put together a balanced list of commentators, please give some indication of the aspects of the topic on which you would bring your areas of expertise to bear if you were selected as a commentator. An electronic draft of the full text is available for inspection by anonymous ftp (or gopher or world-wide-web) according to the instructions that follow after the abstract. ____________________________________________________________________ SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION: THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL ISSUES IN CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH Samuel David Epstein (Harvard University), Suzanne Flynn (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Gita Martohardjono (Queens College and The Graduate Center, CUNY) KEYWORDS: Language acquisition, Second Language learning, Functional categories, Universal Grammar, Critical periods, Parameter setting, Morphology, Psycholinguistics, Problem solving, Competence vs. performance, Innateness, ABSTRACT:To what extent, if any, does Universal Grammar (UG) constrain second language (L2) acquisition? This is not only an empirical question, but one which is currently investigable. In this context, L2 acquisition is emerging as an important new domain of psycholinguistic research. Three logical possibilities have been articulated regarding the role of UG in L2 acquisition: The first is the no-access hypothesis that no aspect of UG is available to the L2 learner. The second is the partial access hypothesis that only L1-instantiated principles and L1-instantiated parameter-values of UG are available to the learner. According to the third, called the full access hypothesis, UG in its entirety constrains L2 acquisition. We argue that there is no compelling evidence to support either of the first two hypotheses. Moreover, we provide evidence concerning functional categories in L2 acquisition consistent with the claim that UG is fully available to the L2 learner. We try to clarify some of the currently unclear theoretical issues connected with positing UG as an explanatory theory of second language acquisition (SLA) and we investigate certain crucial methodological questions involved in experimentally testing the role of UG in SLA. We close with a set of experimental results of our own. -------------------------------------------------------------- To help you decide whether you would be an appropriate commentator for this article, an electronic draft is retrievable by anonymous ftp from ftp.princeton.edu according to the instructions below (the filename is bbs.epstein). Please do not prepare a commentary on this draft. Just let us know, after having inspected it, what relevant expertise you feel you would bring to bear on what aspect of the article. ------------------------------------------------------------- These files are also on the World Wide Web and the easiest way to retrieve them is with Netscape, Mosaic, gopher, archie, veronica, etc. Here are some of the URLs you can use to get to the BBS Archive: http://www.princeton.edu/~harnad/bbs.html http://cogsci.soton.ac.uk/~harnad/bbs.html gopher://gopher.princeton.edu:70/11/.libraries/.pujournals ftp://ftp.princeton.edu/pub/harnad/BBS/bbs.epstein ftp://cogsci.soton.ac.uk/pub/harnad/BBS/bbs.epstein To retrieve a file by ftp from an Internet site, type either: ftp ftp.princeton.edu or ftp 128.112.128.1 When you are asked for your login, type: anonymous Enter password as queried (your password is your actual userid: yourlogin(a)yourhost.whatever.whatever - be sure to include the "@") cd /pub/harnad/BBS To show the available files, type: ls Next, retrieve the file you want with (for example): get bbs.epstein When you have the file(s) you want, type: quit ---------- Where the above procedure is not available there are two fileservers: ftpmail(a)decwrl.dec.com and bitftp(a)pucc.bitnet that will do the transfer for you. To one or the other of them, send the following one line message: help for instructions (which will be similar to the above, but will be in the form of a series of lines in an email message that ftpmail or bitftp will then execute for you). -------------------------------------------------------------

30 years, 6 months

Language Innateness: BBS Call for Commentators

by harnad＠cogsci.soton.ac.uk

Below is the abstract of a forthcoming target article on: INNATENESS, AUTONOMY, UNIVERSALITY? NEUROBIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO LANGUAGE by Ralph-Axel Mueller This article has been accepted for publication in Behavioral and Brain Sciences (BBS), an international, interdisciplinary journal providing Open Peer Commentary on important and controversial current research in the biobehavioral and cognitive sciences. Commentators must be current BBS Associates or nominated by a current BBS Associate. To be considered as a commentator for this article, to suggest other appropriate commentators, or for information about how to become a BBS Associate, please send email to: bbs(a)soton.ac.uk or write to: Behavioral and Brain Sciences Department of Psychology University of Southampton Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ UNITED KINGDOM http://cogsci.soton.ac.uk/~harnad/bbs.html gopher://gopher.princeton.edu:70/11/.libraries/.pujournals ftp://ftp.princeton.edu/pub/harnad/BBS To help us put together a balanced list of commentators, please give some indication of the aspects of the topic on which you would bring your areas of expertise to bear if you were selected as a commentator. An electronic draft of the full text is available for inspection by anonymous ftp (or gopher or world-wide-web) according to the instructions that follow after the abstract. ____________________________________________________________________ INNATENESS, AUTONOMY, UNIVERSALITY? NEUROBIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO LANGUAGE Ralph-Axel Mueller PET Center, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit MI 48201-2196, USA rmueller(a)pet.wayne.edu KEYWORDS: brain development, dissociations, distributive representations, epigenesis, evolution, functional localization, individual variation, innateness, language. ABSTRACT: The concepts of the innateness, universality, species-specificity, and autonomy of the human language capacity have had an extreme impact on the psycholinguistic debate for over thirty years. These concepts are evaluated from several neurobiological perspectives, with an emphasis on the emergence of language and its decay due to brain lesion and progressive brain disease. Evidence of perceptuomotor homologies and preadaptations for human language in nonhuman primates suggests a gradual emergence of language during hominid evolution. Regarding ontogeny, the innate component of language capacity is likely to be polygenic and shared with other developmental domains. Dissociations between verbal and nonverbal development are probably rooted in the perceptuomotor specializations of neural substrates rather than the autonomy of a grammar module. Aphasiological data often assumed to suggest modular linguistic subsystems can be accounted for in terms of a neurofunctional model incorporating perceptuomotor-based regional specializations and distributivity of representations. Thus, dissociations between grammatical functors and content words are due to different conditions of acquisition and resulting differences in neural representation. Since human brains are characterized by multifactorial interindividual variability, strict universality of functional organization is biologically unrealistic. A theoretical alternative is proposed according to which (a) linguistic specialization of brain areas is due to epigenetic and probabilistic maturational events, not to genetic 'hard-wiring', and (b) linguistic knowledge is neurally represented in distributed cell assemblies whose topography reflects the perceptuomotor modalities involved in the acquisition and use of a given item of knowledge. -------------------------------------------------------------- To help you decide whether you would be an appropriate commentator for this article, an electronic draft is retrievable by anonymous ftp from ftp.princeton.edu according to the instructions below (the filename is bbs.mueller). Please do not prepare a commentary on this draft. Just let us know, after having inspected it, what relevant expertise you feel you would bring to bear on what aspect of the article. ------------------------------------------------------------- These files are also on the World Wide Web and the easiest way to retrieve them is with Netscape, Mosaic, gopher, archie, veronica, etc. Here are some of the URLs you can use to get to the BBS Archive: http://www.princeton.edu/~harnad/bbs.html http://cogsci.soton.ac.uk/~harnad/bbs.html gopher://gopher.princeton.edu:70/11/.libraries/.pujournals ftp://ftp.princeton.edu/pub/harnad/BBS/bbs.mueller ftp://cogsci.soton.ac.uk/pub/harnad/BBS/bbs.mueller To retrieve a file by ftp from an Internet site, type either: ftp ftp.princeton.edu or ftp 128.112.128.1 When you are asked for your login, type: anonymous Enter password as queried (your password is your actual userid: yourlogin(a)yourhost.whatever.whatever - be sure to include the "@") cd /pub/harnad/BBS To show the available files, type: ls Next, retrieve the file you want with (for example): get bbs.mueller When you have the file(s) you want, type: quit ---------- Where the above procedure is not available there are two fileservers: ftpmail(a)decwrl.dec.com and bitftp(a)pucc.bitnet that will do the transfer for you. To one or the other of them, send the following one line message: help for instructions (which will be similar to the above, but will be in the form of a series of lines in an email message that ftpmail or bitftp will then execute for you). -------------------------------------------------------------

30 years, 6 months

Rutgers Univ. Ph.D. Program in: Behavioral & Neural Sciences

by Mark Gluck

Application Information for Ph.D. Program in BEHAVIORAL AND NEURAL SCIENCES at Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey * Application target date is February 1, 1996 * ----------------------------------------------------------------- Additional information on our Ph.D. program, research facilities,and faculty can be obtained over the internet at: http://www.cmbn.rutgers.edu/bns-home.html ----------------------------------------------------------------- The Behavioral and Neural Sciences (BNS) graduate program at Rutgers-Newark aims to provide students with a rigorous understanding of modern neuroscience with an emphasis on integrating behavioral and neural approaches to understanding brain function. The program emphasizes the multidisciplinary nature of this endeavor, and offers specific research training in Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience as well as Molecular, Cellular and Systems Neuroscience. These research areas represent different but complementary approaches to contemporary issues in behavioral and molecular neuroscience and can emphasize either human or animal studies. The BNS graduate program is composed of faculty from the Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience (CMBN), the Institute of Animal Behavior (IAB), the Department of Biological Sciences, the Department of Psychology, and the School of Nursing. Research training in the BNS program emphasizes integration across levels of analysis and traditional disciplinary boundaries. Basic research areas in Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience include the study of the basal forebrain, basal ganglia, hippocampus, visual and auditory systems and monoaminergic and neuroendocrine systems using electrophysiological, neurochemical, neuroanatomical and molecular biological approaches. Research in Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience includes the study of memory, language (both signed and spoken), reading, attention, motor control, vision, and animal behavior. Clinically relevant research areas are the study of the behavioral, physiological and pharmacological aspects of schizophrenia, Alzheimer's Disease, amnesia, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease and other movement disorders, and the molecular genetics of neuropsychiatric disorders Other Information ----------------- At present the CMBN supports up to 40 students with 12-month renewable assistantships for a period of four years. The curent stipend for first year students is $12,750; this includes tuition remission and excellent healthcare benefits. In addition, the Johnson & Johnson pharmaceutical company's Foundation has provided four Excellence Awards which increase students' stipends by $5,000. Several other fellowships are offered. More information is available in our graduate brochure, available upon request. The Rutgers-Newark campus is 20 minutes outside New York City, and close to other major university research centers at NYU, Columbia, SUNY, and Princeton, as well as major industrial research labs in Northern NJ, including ATT, Bellcore, Siemens, and a host of pharmaceutical companies including Johnson & Johnson Hoecsht-Celanese, and Sandoz. Faculty Associated With Rutgers BNS Ph.D. Program ------------------------------------------------- FACULTY - RUTGERS Elizabeth Abercrombie (Ph.D., Princeton), neurotransmitters and behavior [CMBN] Colin Beer (Ph.D., Oxford), ethology [IAB] April Benasich (Ph.D., New York), infant perception and cognition [CMBN] Ed Bonder (Ph.D., Pennsylvania), cell biology [Biology] Linda Brzustowicz (M.D.,Ph.D., Columbia), human genetics [CMBN] Gyorgy Buzsaki (Ph.D., Budapest), systems neuroscience [CMBN] Mei-Fang Cheng (Ph.D., Bryn Mawr) neuroethology/neurobiology [IAB] Ian Creese (Ph.D., Cambridge), neuropsychopharmacology [CMBN] Doina Ganea (Ph.D., Illinois Medical School), molecular immunology [Biology] Alan Gilchrist (Ph.D., Rutgers), visual perception [Psychology] Mark Gluck (Ph.D.,Stanford), learning, memory and neural computation [CMBN] Ron Hart (Ph.D., Michigan), molecular neuroscience [Biology] G. Miller Jonakait (Ph.D., Cornell Medical College), neuroimmunology [Biology] Judy Kegl (Ph.D., M.I.T.), linguistics/neurolinguistics [CMBN] Barry Komisaruk (Ph.D., Rutgers), behavioral neurophysiology/pharmacology [IAB] Joan Morrell (Ph.D., Rochester), cellular neuroendocrinology [CMBN] Teresa Perney (Ph.D., Chicago), ion channel gene expression and function [CMBN] Howard Poizner (Ph.D., Northeastern), language and motor behavior [CMBN] Jay Rosenblatt (Ph.D., New York), maternal behavior [IAB] Anne Sereno (Ph.D., Harvard), attention and visual perception [CMBN] Maggie Shiffrar (Ph.D., Stanford), vision and motion perception[CMBN] Harold Siegel (Ph.D., Rutgers) neuroendocrine mechanisms [IAB] Ralph Siegel (Ph.D., McGill), neuropsychology of visual perception [CMBN] Jennifer Swann (Ph.D., Michigan), neuroendocrinology [Biology] Paula Tallal (Ph.D., Cambridge), neural basis of language development [CMBN] James Tepper (Ph.D., Colorado), basal ganglia neurophysiology and anatomy [CMBN] Beverly Whipple (Ph.D., Rutgers), women's health [Nursing] Laszlo Zaborszky (Ph.D., Hungarian Academy), neuroanatomy of forebrain [CMBN] ASSOCIATES OF CMBN Izrail Gelfand (Ph.D., Moscow State), biology of cells [Biology] Richard Katz (Ph.D., Bryn Mawr), psychopharmacology [Ciba Geigy] Barry Levin (M.D., Emory Medical) neurobiology David Tank (Ph.D., Cornell), neural plasticity [Bell Labs] For More Information or an Application -------------------------------------- If you are interested in applying to our graduate program, or possibly applying to one of the labs as a post-doc, research assistant or programmer, please contact us via one of the following: Dr. Gyorgy Buzsaki or Dr. Mark A. Gluck BNS Graduate Admissions CMBN, Rutgers University 197 University Ave. Newark, New Jersey 07102 Phone: (201) 648-1080 (Ext. 3221) Fax: (201) 648-1272 Email: buzsaki(a)axon.rutgers.edu or gluck(a)pavlov.rutgers.edu We will be happy to send you info on our research and graduate program, as well as set up an a possible visit to the Neuroscience Center here at Rutgers-Newark. Please also see our WWW Homepage listed above which contains extensive information on faculty research, degree requirements, local facilities, and more.

30 years, 6 months

reader on human reasoning

by Miklos GYORI

Tisztelt erdeklodok, a Luca Bonnatti altal az Altalanos Pszichologiai Tanszeken iden szeptemberben tartott eloadasok (The psychology of human reasoning) anyagaibol (cikkek, konyvfejezetek) osszeallitunk egy olvasokonyvet. Kerjuk, aki ezt szeretne megrendelni a kb. 1000 forintos onkoltseges aron, az jelezze igenyet a gyori(a)izabell.elte.hu cimen. Hatarido: 95. novemer 15. A kotetet automatikusan es ingyen megkapjak azok, akik jegyert vettek fel az orat, es dolgozatot keszitenek Luca Bonnatti szamara. Gyori Miklos. **************** Mivel a szerkesztes meg nem zarult le, tajekoztatasul ime azoknak a munkaknak a listaja, melyekBOL valogat majd L. Bonnatti a readerbe: Bauer, M.I. & Johnson-Laird, P.N. (1993). How diagrams can improve reasoning. Psychological Science, 4, 372- 378. Bechtel, W., & Abrahansen, A. (1991) Connectionism & the Mind, ch. 5. Basil Blackwell, Oxford Braine, M. D. (1994) Mental logic and how to discover it, to appear in Macnamara, J. and Reyes, G. E. (eds.), The logical foundations of cognition Oxford University Press, Oxford Braine, M. D., & O'Brien, D. P. (1991) A theory of if: Lexical entry, reasoning program, and pragmatic principles, Psychological Review, 98, 182-203. Braine, M. D., Reiser, B. J., & Rumain, B. (1984) Some empirical justification for a theory of natural propositional logic, The psychology of learning and motivation, vol. 18, 313-371 Braine, M.D.S., O'Brien, D.P. Noveck, I.A., Samuels, M.C., Fish, Brooke Lea, R. & Yang, Y. (forthcoming) Predicting intermediate conclusions in propositional logic inference problems: Further evidence for a mental logic. Bryant, D., Tversky, B., & Franklin, N. (1992) Internal and external spatial frameworks for representing described scenes, Journal of Memory and Language, 31, 74-98 Byrne, R. (1989) Suppressing valid inferences with conditionals, Cognition, 31, 61-83 Byrne, R. (1991) Can valid inferences be suppressed? Cognition, 39 , 71-8 Evans, J., Barston, J. L., & Pollard, P. (1983) On the conflict between logic and belief in syllogistic reasoning, Memory and Cognition, 11, 295-306 Ford, M. (1995) Two modes of mental representation and problem solution in syllogistic reasoning, Cognition Franklin, N., & Tversky, B. (1990) Searching imagined environments, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 119, 63-76 Griggs, R. A. (1983) The role of problem content in the selection task and in the THOG problem, in Evans, J. (ed.), Thinking and reasoning: psychological approaches, Routledge and Keegan, London 1983, 17-43. Griggs, R. A. and Cox, J. R. (1982) The elusive thematic- materials effect in Wason's selection task, British Journal of Psychology, 73 , 407-20 Griggs, R. A., and Newstead, S. E. (1982) The role of problem structure in a deductive reasoning task, Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 8, 297-307 Johnson-Laird, P. N. , & Bara, B. (1984) Syllogistic inference, Cognition, 16, 1-61 Johnson-Laird, P. N., & Byrne, R. M. (1989) Spatial reasoning, Journal of Memory and Language, 28, 564-575 Johnson-Laird, P. N., Byrne, R. M., & Schaeken, W. (1992) Propositional reasoning by model, Psychological Review, 99 (3), 418-439. Johnson-Laird, P. N., Legrenzi, P, and Legrenzi, M. S. (1972) Reasoning and a sense of reality, British Journal of Psychology, 63, 395-400 Lea, R. B., O'Brien, D. P., Fisch, S., Noveck, I, & Braine, M. (1990) Predicting propositional logic inferences in text comprehension, Journal of Memory and Language, 29, 361-87 Marcus, S. L. (1982) Recall of logical argument lines, Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 21, 549-562 Newstead, S. E., Pollard, P., Evans, J., & Allen, J. (1992) The source of belief bias effects in syllogistic reasoning, Cognition, 45, 257-284 Oakill, J., Johnson-Laird, P. N., & Garnham, A. (1989) Believability and syllogistic reasoning, Cognition, 31, 117-140 Politzer, G. & Braine, M.D.S.(1991). Responses to inconsistent premises cannot count as suppression of valid inferences. Cognition, 38 103-108 Rips, L. J. (1983) Cognitive processes in propositional reasoning, Psychological Review, 90 (1), 38 -71 Rips, l.J. (1994) The Psychology of Proof, MIT Press. Roth, E. (1979) Facilitating insight into a reasoning task, British Journal of Psychology, 7, 265-72 Rumain, B., Connnell, J & Braine, M. (1983) Conversational comprehension processses are responsible for reasoning fallacies in children as well as adults: if is not the biconditional. Developmental Psychology 19, 471-481 Shastri, L. & Ajjanagadde, V. (1993). From simple associations to systematic reasoning: a connectionist representation of rules, variables and dynamic bindings using temporal synchrony. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 16:417- l94. Sperber, D. Cara, G. & Girotto, V. (forthcoming) Relevance theory explains the selection task, to be published in Cognition Taylor, H., and Tversky, B. (1992) Spatial mental models derived from survey and route descriptions, Journal of Memory and Language, 31, (1992), 261-292

30 years, 6 months

eloadas: Goedel es elme

by George Kampis

SZEMINARIUMI ELOADAS Az ELTE TTK Tudomanytortenet es Tudomanyfilozofia Tanszeken Eckehart Koehler Institut Vienna Circle, Vienna "Godel on Minds and Matter" cimmel tart eloadast. Idopontja: 1995 november 2., csutortok, 17 ora. Helye: Rakoczi ut 5., I. em. 105. ELOADASKIVONAT About one third of the lecture deals with "Godel-Exegesis", i.e., with citations. The main body provides suggestions on how to overcome Godel's problems with Platonism, and how the Empiricist "kicking and screaming" can and should yield a more sharply defined concept of the latter. Az eloadas idotartama 50-60 perc, amelyet rovid szunet utan kb. 30-60 perc vita kovet. Minden erdeklodot szeretettel varunk. Udvozlettel, a szervezok: Kampis Gyorgy (gk(a)hps.elte.hu) Szabo Laszlo (leszabo(a)hal9000.elte.hu) Szecsenyi Tibor (szecska(a)ludens.elte.hu)

30 years, 6 months

CollBud workshop

by George Kampis

Kollegak, minden erdeklodot szivesen. udv kgy ================================================================== ANNOUNCEMENT Current Trends in the History, Philosophy and Social Studies of Science Monday, November 6th 1995. Collegium Budapest/Institute for Advanced Study Budapest, Hungary Programme: 9:00 Opening Words by H. Nowotny and L. Vekas Morning Session (chair: H. Nowotny) 9:15 Introduction by H. Nowotny 9:30 J. Heilbron (University of California Berkeley) 10:15 J. Renn (MPI fuer Wissenchaftsgeschichte, Berlin) 11:00 Coffee Break 11:15 A. Weszely (Institute of Sociology, ELTE, Budapest) 12:00 Lunch Break Afternoon Session (chair: G. Kampis) 14:00 Introduction by G. Kampis 14:15 D. Pestre (CNRS, Paris,France) 15:00 W. Callebaut (Rijksuniversiteit Limburg, Belgium) 15:45 Break 16:00- Round table discussion: Perspectives of Sociology, History and Philosophy of Science in Hungary Participants: G. Kampis (convenor) I. Bodnar (Dept. of Logic, ELTE) M. Feher (Dept. of Philosophy, Technical Univ.) G. Forrai (Inst. of Philosophy, Hung.Acad.Sci) I. Hronszki (Dept. of Hist. Engineering,Technical Univ.) Cs. Pleh (Dept. of General Psychology, ELTE) P. Szegedi (Dept. of HPS, ELTE) A. Weszely (Inst. of Sociology, ELTE) About the Workshop: The workshop is organized by Professor Helga Nowotny (Collegium Budapest/Institute for Adevanced Study) and Professor George Kampis (Department of History and Philosophy of Science, ELTE) as well as by the Philosophy of Science Section of the Hungarian Philosophical Society. The meeting will be fully sponsored by Collegium Budapest. Some of the most striking recent developments in the area of his- tory, philosophy and social studies of science has been the turn towards a more systematic epistemology while recognizing the great diversity (or even `disunity`) of scientific disciplines and research fields. In history of science long-term analysis of conceptual developments as a crucial dimension of organizing knowledge provides a new focus that cuts across time and space bound disciplinary histories. Moreover, a social and cultural history of the sciences brings into focus new objects and new practices. In philosophy of science a lively interchange with fields such as cognitive science or theoretical biology has led to an acknowledged variety of approaches that range from self- organization to constructivism and to a new naturalism. In social studies of science the existing tension between the sociology of knowledge and institutional approaches leads to new questions about the interrelation between epistemological and institutional developments. And boundaries between once separate fields of in- quiry have become blurred almost everywhere. The purpose of the one day workshop is to bring together a small group of leading representatives in their field in order to re- view current trends and to engage in a productive dialogue. An informal style of presentation and discussion is foreseen, which will include the Hungarian scientific community and their stu- dents.

30 years, 6 months

(Fwd) CFP : Spatial Representation

by Gergely Csibra

------- Forwarded Message Follows ------- ****************** CALL FOR PAPERS ************************ COGNITIVE AND COMPUTATIONAL MODELS OF SPATIAL REPRESENTATION ************************************************************ American Association for Artificial Intelligence 1996 Spring Symposium Series March 25 - 27, 1996 Stanford University California COGNITIVE AND COMPUTATIONAL MODELS OF SPATIAL REPRESENTATION Technological advances in multimedia, graphics, vision and speech technology are driving research into new interfaces and retrieval mechanisms based on spatial dialogues and queries. Recent years have also seen an increase in interest in newer fields that depend heavily on spatial representation, in particular, analogical/diagrammatic reasoning, and multimodal interface design. Concurrently, cognitive linguistics has concentrated much effort on semantic accounts of spatial language, and the revival of the imagery debate has sharpened the focus of research into human spatial cognition. Despite its increasing importance, spatial representation has been tackled as a subproblem of many different domains, which in turn has led to a fragmentation of the overall research effort. This symposium intends to meet the growing desire to integrate research into spatial representation and reasoning by the artificial intelligence, cognitive science and cognitive psychology communities. The goals of the symposium are: o to initiate an interdisciplinary dialogue to facilitate exchange of ideas and cross-fertilization among researchers; o review the current influence that research into spatial cognition has on approaches to spatial representation in AI; o develop a better appreciation of research into spatial representation by identifying issues that span domain and discipline boundaries; o stimulate the discussion of issues in the computational realization of cognitive models of spatial representation. Contributions are invited on the computational and cognitive modeling of spatial representation in any problem domain, in particular, we are keen to encourage contributions from researchers interested in spatial aspects of: the acquisition, representation and processing of natural language spatial expressions; mental and computational imagery; diagrammatic reasoning; analogical reasoning and direct representations of space; navigation and cognitive models of large scale space. For further information see http://www.dcs.aber.ac.uk/~plo/AAAI_SSS or contact Patrick Olivier (plo(a)aber.ac.uk) at the address below. ORGANIZING COMMITTEE Tony Cohn (agc(a)scs.leeds.ac.uk), University of Leeds, UK. Janice Glasgow (janice(a)qucis.queensu.ca), Queen's University, Canada. Barbara Landau (blandau(a)orion.uci.edu), UC Irvine, USA. Keiichi Nakata (kkn(a)aber.ac.uk), University of Wales, Aberystwyth, UK. Patrick Olivier (plo(a)aber.ac.uk), University of Wales, Aberystwyth, UK. Barbara Tversky (bt(a)psych.stanford.edu), Stanford University, USA. SUBMISSION GUIDELINES Potential attendees should submit either (1) a full technical paper (not exceeding 5000 words), or (2) a brief statement of interest preferably a summary of an ongoing research effort (not exceeding 1000 words). Send five copies by October 31, 1995 to: Patrick Olivier (plo(a)aber.ac.uk) Centre for Intelligent Systems Department of Computer Science University of Wales Aberystwyth Dyfed, SY23 3DB, UK Tel: +44 1970 622447 Fax: +44 1970 622455 --------------------------------------------------------- Patrick Olivier Centre for Intelligent Systems Department of Computer Science Tel: +44 1970 622447 University of Wales Fax: +44 1970 622455 Aberystwyth e-mail: plo(a)aber.ac.uk Dyfed, SY23 3DB, UK ---------------------------------------------------------

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koglist October 1995