Harnad, Stevan (2004) The Annotation Game: On Turing (1950) on Computing, Machinery, and Intelligence. To appear in: Epstein, Robert & Peters, Grace (Eds.) The Turing Test Sourcebook: Philosophical and Methodological Issues in the Quest for the Thinking Computer. Kluwer. http://www.ecs.soton.ac.uk/~harnad/Temp/turing.html ________________________________________________________________________ The Annotation Game: On Turing (1950) on Computing, Machinery, and Intelligence. Stevan Harnad "I propose to consider the question, 'Can machines think?'" Turing (1950) starts on this equivocation. We know now that what he will go on to consider is not whether or not machines can think, but whether or not machines can do what thinkers like us can do -- and if so, how. Doing is performance capacity, empirically observable. Thinking (or cognition) is an internal state, its correlates empirically observable as neural activity (if we only knew which neural activity corresponds to thinking!) and its associated quality introspectively observable as our own mental state when we are thinking. Turing's proposal will turn out to have nothing to do with either observing neural states or introspecting mental states, but only with generating performance capacity (intelligence?) indistinguishable from that of thinkers like us. http://www.ecs.soton.ac.uk/~harnad/Temp/turing.html