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Professorship at University of Southampton UK

by Stevan Harnad

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON PROFESSORSHIP IN PSYCHOLOGY Applications are invited for an established Professorial Chair in the Department of Psychology, tenable from January 1998. The key selection criteria for this appointment are: Research programme of international clibre Capacity to provide academic leadership There is no restriction on the area of research specialisation other than the research profile of the successful applicant should either extend or complement the Department's core research interests. The Department's present research strengths are in (1) Human Development and Learning, (2) Cognition, and (3) Health/Applied Social Psychology. Productive research programmes are under way in several aspects of lifespan social and cognitive development, abnormal development, categorical perception and perceptual learning, language, computational modeling, artificial life, attention, memory, implicit learning, sexual behaviour, driver behaviour, self-concept, investigative interviewing, face perception, behaviour analysis, social dilemmas, eating disorders. There are ongoing collaborations with other departments, particularly in the Faculties of Social Sciences and of Medicine, Health and Biological Sciences. Under the interdisciplinary rubric of the Cognitive Sciences Centre, there are also collaborations with the Electronics and Computer Science Department, Clinical Neurological Sciences, Audiology, and the Media Laboratory. In addition to our undergraduate teaching programmes, we support a Doctoral Degree in Clinical Psychology and MSc courses in Health Psychology and Educational Psychology. The Department has recently moved to high quality new accommodations with excellent technical provision for research. Academic work is fully supported by technical and clerical staff. Substantial funds have been set aside to meet the initial equipment needs of the new appointee. The Department strongly encourages informal enquiries and visits. Closing date: mid-October Interviews: 25th November Potential applicants should contact the Head of Department, Professor Bob Remington 44-1703-592626/592612 RER(a)psy.soton.ac.uk or the Head-Elect Dr Edmund Sonuga-Barke 44-1703-592581 esb(a)psy.soton.ac.uk or URLs: Southampton University: http://www.soton.ac.uk Psychology Department: http://www.soton.ac.uk/~psyweb/ Cognitive Sciences Centre: http://cogsci.soton.ac.uk

28 years, 9 months

CFP: NATO Advanced Study Institute - COMPUTATIONAL HEARING

by Steve Greenberg

*************************************************************************** ***************************************************************************** * * * NATO Advanced Study Institute * * * * COMPUTATIONAL HEARING * * July 1 - July 12 1998 * * Il Ciocco (Tuscany), Italy * * * * * * This Advanced Study Institute (ASI) will focus on integrating recent * * advances in computational modeling and analysis with more traditional * * perspectives on hearing, with the intent of fostering a more computational * * approach towards studies of auditory function, physiology and anatomy, as * * well as defining emerging fields of inquiry derived from these innovative * * methods. * * * * Although our sense of hearing has long been the subject of intensive * * scientific inquiry, computational methods have only recently been * * applied to this intellectual domain with the degree of sophistication * * and systematic development required for achieving significant gains in * * scientific understanding. The complexity of the physiological and * * anatomical substrates of auditory function, in concert with the highly * * mathematical nature of hearing's physical bases, provide an ideal * * scientific application for the newly emergent techniques pertaining to * * scientific visualization and auralization. * * * * Further progress in hearing science requires the sort of computational * * techniques now being developed at various sites around the world for * * modeling and visualization of complex auditory phenomena. The design of * * future-generation hearing prostheses, speech recognition systems and * * audio technologies all vitally depend on such methodology and the * * understanding resulting from its intelligent application. * * * * The ASI will survey the traditional domains of hearing research, * * including anatomy, physiology, psychoacoustics, speech and music, but * * from a largely computational perspective. Several topics, such as * * auditory scene analysis, speech recognition and auditory processing * * under adverse acoustic conditions are inherently computational in * * nature. Other subjects, such as the physiology of the auditory * * periphery, have witnessed a significant amount of computational effort * * over the past decade and a half. The goal is to provide a coherent and * * comprehensive perspective on hearing that is integrated with state-of- * * the-art computational modeling and visualization techniques that can * * serve as the basis for a new generation of auditory research. * * ________________________________________________________________________ * * * * ASI Faculty will include: Jont Allen (AT&T Research, USA), Jens Blauert * * (Bochum, Germany), Martin Cooke (Sheffield, UK), Ted Evans (Keele, UK), * * Steven Greenberg (ICSI, USA), Gerald Langner (Darmstadt, Germany), * * Stephen McAdams (Paris V, IRCAM, France), Roy Patterson (CNBH, * * Cambridge, UK), Christoph Schreiner (UC-San Francisco, USA), Shihab * * Shamma (Maryland, USA), James Simmons (Brown, USA), Malcolm Slaney * * (Interval Research & Stanford, USA), Quentin Summerfield (MRC IHC, * * Nottingham, UK), Marianne Vater (Potsdam, Germany), Jeffrey Winer (UC- * * Berkeley, USA), Eric Young (Johns Hopkins, USA) * * * * Organizing Committee: Martin Cooke, Steven Greenberg, * * Gerald Langner, Malcolm Slaney * * * * ======================================================================== * * * * IMPORTANT DATES (1998) * * * * January 15 Poster Presentation Abstracts and Preliminary Registration * * Application for Financial Subsidy * * (principally for junior scientists and students) * * * * March 1 Participant Registration (final deadline) * * * * April 15 4-page, camera-ready paper (based on poster presentation) * * * * For further information contact: * * Steven Greenberg, International Computer Science Institute, * * 1947 Center Street, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA * * FAX: (510) 643-7684 (ATT: Computational Hearing ASI) * * Internet: ComHear(a)icsi.berkeley.edu * * WWW: http://www.icsi.berkeley.edu/real/ComHear98 * * web site contains additional information, including * * an application form and the provisional program * * * ***************************************************************************** ***************************************************************************

28 years, 9 months

Re: workshop on analogy

by PLEH＠IZABELL.elte.hu

Kedves Kollegak, akit erdekel, szolna nekem, hogy ki tuidjam kozvetitetni? Pleh ------- Forwarded Message Follows ------- Received: from MERCURY by IZABELL (Mercury 1.11); Thu, 4 Sep 97 16:19:49 +100 Return-path: <boicho(a)pscs2.irmkant.rm.cnr.it> Received: from casbs.Stanford.EDU by izabell.elte.hu (Mercury 1.11); Thu, 4 Sep 97 16:19:33 +100 Received: from pscs2.irmkant.rm.cnr.it (pscs2.irmkant.rm.cnr.it [150.146.7.13]) by casbs.Stanford.EDU (8.8.5/8.8.3) with SMTP id EAA22681 for <pleh(a)casbs.stanford.edu>; Thu, 4 Sep 1997 04:18:24 -070 (PDT) Received: from cogs.nbu.acad.bg by pscs2.irmkant.rm.cnr.it (4.1/1.34) id AC24632; Thu, 4 Sep 97 13:12:19 +0200 Message-Id: <9709041112.AC24632(a)pscs2.irmkant.rm.cnr.it> Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" Date: Thu, 4 Sep 1997 13:20:47 +0100 To: Csaba Pleh <pleh(a)casbs.stanford.edu> From: boicho(a)pscs2.irmkant.rm.cnr.it (Boicho Kokinov) Subject: Re: workshop on analogy X-PMFLAGS: 34078848 Dear Csaba, There will be a big workshop on analogy-making (computational models, psychological, developmental, animal, and neuropsychological experiments) next July in Sofia which I am co-organising together with Dedre Gentner and Keith Holyoak. Please, let me know if there are Hungarians working on analogy who might be interested in participation (the workshop is mainly by invitation). I would be most obliged if you send me the e-mail addresses of the proposed people. Best regards. Boicho Boicho Kokinov ============================================================================ Cognitive Science Department, New Bulgarian University 21 Montevideo Str., Sofia 1635, Bulgaria e-mail: kokinov(a)cogs.nbu.acad.bg Visiting researcher at the Inst. of Psychology, Div. of "A.I., Cognitive and Interaction Modelling", National Research Council (CNR) Viale Marx, 15 - 00137 Rome (Italy), phone:+39+6+86090208,fax:+39+6+824737 e-mail: boicho(a)pscs2.irmkant.rm.cnr.it ============================================================================

28 years, 9 months

Res Fellwshps in HPS (fwd)

by George Kampis

Nem az esely, inkabb csak az informacio miatt. Az osszeg nem eliras. udv kgy ---------- Forwarded message ---------- Date: Wed, 3 Sep 1997 11:27:24 BST From: David Papineau <david.papineau(a)kcl.ac.uk> To: Members of the list <philos-l(a)liverpool.ac.uk> Subject: Res Fellwshps in HPS CALL FOR PROPOSALS James S. McDonnell Centennial Fellowships The James S. McDonnell Foundation will award up to 10 $1,000,000 research fellowships to early career scientists and scholars. The fellowships will be awarded across five areas: astrophysics and cosmology human cognition global and complex systems human genetics history and philosophy of science Applications are due December 15, 1997. All information and application guidelines are available at www.jsmf.org or can be obtained via email by contacting centennial(a)jsmf.org, or by writing Centennial Fellowship Program, James S. McDonnell Foundation, 1034 South Brentwood Blvd, Suite 1850, Saint Louis, MO 63117 USA . Susan M. Fitzpatrick, Ph.D. Program Officer James S. McDonnell Fdn 1034 South Brentwood Blvd, Suite 1850 St. Louis, Mo 63117 email: susan(a)jsmf.org http://www.jsmf.org ---------------------- David Papineau david.papineau(a)kcl.ac.uk

28 years, 9 months

Learning by Imitation: BBS Call for Commentators

by Stevan Harnad

Below is the abstract of a forthcoming BBS target article on: Learning by imitation: a hierarchical approach by Richard W. Byrne and Anne E. Russon This article has been accepted for publication in Behavioral and Brain Sciences (BBS), an international, interdisciplinary journal providing Open Peer Commentary on important and controversial current research in the biobehavioral and cognitive sciences. Commentators must be BBS Associates or nominated by a BBS Associate. To be considered as a commentator for this article, to suggest other appropriate commentators, or for information about how to become a BBS Associate, please send EMAIL to: bbs(a)cogsci.soton.ac.uk or write to: Behavioral and Brain Sciences Department of Psychology University of Southampton Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ UNITED KINGDOM http://www.princeton.edu/~harnad/bbs/ http://www.cogsci.soton.ac.uk/bbs/ ftp://ftp.princeton.edu/pub/harnad/BBS/ ftp://ftp.cogsci.soton.ac.uk/pub/bbs/ gopher://gopher.princeton.edu:70/11/.libraries/.pujournals If you are not a BBS Associate, please send your CV and the name of a BBS Associate (there are currently over 10,000 worldwide) who is familiar with your work. All past BBS authors, referees and commentators are eligible to become BBS Associates. To help us put together a balanced list of commentators, please give some indication of the aspects of the topic on which you would bring your areas of expertise to bear if you were selected as a commentator. An electronic draft of the full text is available for inspection with a WWW browser, anonymous ftp or gopher according to the instructions that follow after the abstract. ____________________________________________________________________ LEARNING BY IMITATION: A HIERARCHICAL APPROACH Richard W Byrne Scottish Primate Research Group School of Psychology University of St Andrews Fife KY16 9JU SCOTLAND rwb(a)st-andrews.ac.uk Anne E Russon Department of Psychology Glendon College, York University 2275 Bayview Avenue Toronto M4N 3M6 CANADA gl250035(a)venus.yorku.ca KEYWORDS: imitation, priming, emulation, hierarchical organization, great apes ABSTRACT: To explain social learning without invoking the cognitively complex concept of imitation, many learning mechanisms have been proposed. Borrowing an idea used routinely in cognitive psychology, we argue that most of these alternatives can be subsumed under a single process, priming, in which input increases the activation of stored internal representations. Imitation itself has generally been seen as a "special faculty". This has diverted much research towards the all-or-none question of whether an animal can imitate, with disappointingly inconclusive results. In the great apes, however, voluntary, learned behaviour is hierarchically organized. This means that imitation can occur at various levels, of which we single out two clearly distinct ones: the "action level", a rather detailed and linear specification of sequential acts, and the "program level", a broader description of subroutine structure and the hierarchical layout of a behavioural "program". Program level imitation is a high-level, constructive mechanism, adapted for the efficient learning of complex skills and thus not very evident in the simple manipulations used to test for imitation in the laboratory. As examples, we describe the food-preparation techniques of wild mountain gorillas and the imitative behaviour of orangutans undergoing "rehabilitation" to the wild. Representing and manipulating relations between objects seems to be one basic building-block in their hierarchical programs. There is evidence that nonhuman great apes suffer from a stricter capacity limit than humans in the hierarchical depth of planning. We re-interpret some chimpanzee behaviour previously described as "emulation" and suggest that all great apes may be able to imitate at the program level. Action level imitation is seldom observed in great ape skill learning, and may have a largely social role, even in humans. -------------------------------------------------------------- To help you decide whether you would be an appropriate commentator for this article, an electronic draft is retrievable from the World Wide Web or by anonymous ftp or gopher from the US or UK BBS Archive. Ftp instructions follow below. Please do not prepare a commentary on this draft. Just let us know, after having inspected it, what relevant expertise you feel you would bring to bear on what aspect of the article. The URLs you can use to get to the BBS Archive: http://www.princeton.edu/~harnad/bbs/ http://www.cogsci.soton.ac.uk/bbs/Archive/bbs.byrne.html ftp://ftp.princeton.edu/pub/harnad/BBS/bbs.byrne ftp://ftp.cogsci.soton.ac.uk/pub/bbs/Archive/bbs.byrne gopher://gopher.princeton.edu:70/11/.libraries/.pujournals

28 years, 9 months

erdekes

by Zita

Haliho, Bocs a zavarasert, de talan erdekes lehet valakinek, hogy a http://webnyertes.webtime.net cimen ertekes dolgokat lehet nyerni (modem, szoftver, konyv, CD, stb.) Udv, Zita

28 years, 9 months

Job: International PhD-program Utrecht Institute of Linguistics OTS

by Sieb Nooteboom

The Utrecht Institute of Linguistics OTS offers qualified PhD-students the possibility to obtain their doctorates in periods shorter than the normal 4-year program. The student wishing to be eligible for this reduced program should have a background in linguistics at least equivalent to MA level and will need to be able to demonstrate additional research qualifications in the forms of published material, experimental or technological expertise, or other such achievements. The UiL OTS research program as well as its graduate curriculum aims at thorough theoretical investigation of language and language use. The normal graduate program is a four year course with a linguistic training component (2 yrs.), and a research component (2 yrs.) to be completed with a dissertation. Students enrolling in the "Utrecht International PhD program" will be given a limited number of years to complete their PhD (2 or 3 yrs.), depending on their level of knowledge and experience. Linguistics in Utrecht includes all components of the language faculty, and the interfaces with perception and information processing. The focus is on both formal and developmental aspects of language. Moreover there is a strong interest in applications of linguistic knowledge in such fields as language and speech technology, lexicology and text organization. The following areas of theoretical research are represented in UiL OTS: Phonetics / Perception of sounds Prof. S. Nooteboom Phonology / Morphology Prof. W. Zonneveld Syntax / Semantics Prof. E.J. Reuland / Prof. H.J. Verkuyl Interfaces / Pragmatics Prof. T. Reinhart / Dr. A. Verhagen Discourse Theory Prof. P.J. van den Hoven / Prof. W. Herrlitz Language Change / Language Acquisition Dr. P. Coopmans / Dr. F. Weerman Computational Linguistics and Logic Prof. M. Moortgat / Prof. J. van Eijck With respect to research applying linguistic knowledge, the following areas can be discerned: Language and speech-technology Prof. J. Landsbergen Lexicology Prof. H. J. Verkuyl Text organization Prof. P.J. van den Hoven / Prof. C. Jansen Since courses and seminars will be in English, proficiency in the Dutch language is not required. On request, a Dutch language course will be offered. Tuition has been set at Dfl. 20.000,=. This includes full desk and travel facilities. For excellent students tuition may be partly or fully waived. In addition, each year a maximum of two grants is available to cover cost of living. A brochure containing more detailed information about this program can be obtained from the following address: Utrecht Institute of Linguistics OTS Trans 10 3512 JK Utrecht E-mail: uil_ots(a)let.ruu.nl tel.: +31-302536006 fax.: +31 -302536000 Application: To apply for this program, send a letter and a resumé to the above address. Also send a sample of publications or MA-thesis and two letters of reference.

28 years, 9 months

Nedo eloadasai

by Katalin Neumer

A Wittgenstein Tarsasag tagjainak Budapest, 1997. aug. 25. Kedves Tagok! Elsore is kernem: jelezzen vissza az, aki valoban rendszeresen olvassa e-mailjeit, hogy a jovoben tudjam: ki az, akinek a korleveleket nem kell postai uton is elkuldenem. A marciusi rendkivuli kozgyulesen emlitettem: probalkozom vele, hogy Michael Nedot, a cambridge-i Wittgenstein Archivum igazgatojat megnyerjem arra, hogy egy-ket eloadas erejeig Budapestre latogasson. Mint a kovetkezo hirdetesbol is kiderul, ez sikerult is. Mint persze minden meghivasnal, itt is az alapveto kerdes a latogatas finanszirozasa. Egyfelol sikerult Michael Nedot ravenni arra, hogy annak erdekeben, hogy mi meghallgathassuk, o nyujtson be egy kethetes osztondijpalyazatot a brit es a magyar akademia egyuttmukodesi szerzodesenek kereteben. Sajnos, jobb otletem nem volt. Ugyhogy kernek mindenkit, amennyire lehet, igyekezzek reszt venni Nedo eloadasain - vegul is elegge kevesse konvencionalis, hogy maganak a meghivottnak kell faradoznia latogatasa anyagi alapjainak megteremtese erdekeben. (Nedo egyebkent eredendoen nemet anyanyelvu: termeszetesen 17 ev angliai tartozkodas utan pompasan beszel angolul, am megis megorzott annyit europai artikulaciojabol, hogy a kontinens lakoi szamara is ertheto maradjon.) Masfelol persze bizonyos egyeb koltsegek is egyuttjarnak egy ilyen meghivassal: ugyhogy ujfent kernek mindenkit, hogy amennyiben ez meg nem tortent volna meg, fizesse be ez evi, tovabbra is igen szerenynek mondhato tagdijat (200 Ft, hallgatoknak 100) - csekken (az erintetteknek postaztuk), vagy szemelyesen nalam vagy Olay Csabanal. Emellett kernem azokat, akik oktatoi minosegukben hallgatokkal talalkoznak - az ev eleje remek alkalom -, hogy hivjak fel a figyelmuket Nedo eloadasaira. Hogy Nedo munkassagaba minel tobben elozetes betekintest nyerhessenek, s igy a vele folytatando tarsalgasok gyumolcsozobbek lehessenek, irtam egy tanulmanyt is "Wittgenstein hagyateka es a Wittgenstein-kiadasok" cimmel, melyet a BUKSZ szerkesztosege igen elozekenyen 1997. nyari szamaban soron kivul le is hozott. Egyebkent Olay Csaba, tarsasagunk kincstarosa tizhonapos osztondijra Nemetorszagba utazik. Erre az idore Lehmann Miklost kertem meg, hogy helyettesitse, aki legnagyobb oromomre igent mondott. A Magyar Wittgenstein Tarsasag, az MTA Filozofiai Intezete es a Magyar Filozofiai Tarsasag rendezeseben Michael Nedo, a cambridge-i Wittgenstein Archivum igazgatoja Wittgenstein's Landscape - Wittgenstein's philosophical Method cimmel szeptember 11-en du. 15 orakor az MTA Filozofiai Intezeteben (1054 Budapest, Szemere u. 10.) es Wittgenstein and the "Vienna Circle" - Wittgenstein on the Foundations of Mathematics cimmel szeptember 18-an du. 16.30-kor az ELTE BTK Tanari Klubjaban (1052 Budapest, Szerb u. 21-23. II. em.) eloadast tart. A Nedo szerkesztette Wittgenstein kritikai kiadas - Wiener Ausgabe - elso ot kotete megtekintheto az MTA Filozofiai Intezete Konyvtaraban. Neumer Katalin

28 years, 9 months

CUNY 1998 Sentence Processing Conference

by Suzanne Stevenson

------- Blind-Carbon-Copy To: suzanne Subject: CUNY 1998 Sentence Processing Conference Date: Sun, 24 Aug 1997 21:06:27 -0400 From: Suzanne Stevenson <suzanne> PRELIMINARY ANNOUNCEMENT AND CALL FOR ABSTRACTS 11th Annual CUNY Conference on Human Sentence Processing Hosted by Rutgers University March 19-21, 1998 Featuring a Special Session on The Lexical Basis of Syntactic Processing: Formal and Computational Issues INVITED SPEAKERS: Joan Bresnan, Stanford University Beth Levin, Northwestern University Mitch Marcus, University of Pennsylvania Jerry Fodor, Rutgers University DISCUSSANTS: Mark Johnson, Brown University Amy Weinberg, University of Maryland Maryellen MacDonald, University of Southern California ABSTRACT DEADLINE: November 7, 1997 The 11th Annual CUNY Conference on Human Sentence Processing is soliciting abstracts for papers and posters presenting theoretical, experimental, and/or computational research on human sentence processing. Abstracts will be reviewed anonymously and will be considered for both the general conference sessions and for a special session on The Lexical Basis of Syntactic Processing: Formal and Computational Issues. SPECIAL SESSION: Lexical influences on processing are currently a major focus of attention in research on sentence comprehension, yet much of the work remains isolated from investigations of the lexicon in other disciplines. The special session, The Lexical Basis of Syntactic Processing: Formal and Computational Issues, will examine current theories of lexical representation from a multidisciplinary perspective, relating the issues raised to current work on sentence comprehension. The focus of the session will be presentations by invited speakers from linguistics, computer science, and philosophy, with critical commentary and discussion from researchers within the sentence processing community. The special session will also include submitted papers and posters on the topic of the role of the lexicon in sentence processing. Abstracts that are considered for the special session will be evaluated both for the quality of the research and for the fit between the submitted abstract and the invited papers. SUBMISSION DEADLINES: For consideration in the spoken paper sessions: November 7, 1997. For consideration as a poster only: January 12, 1998 WHAT TO SUBMIT: Abstracts must be no more than 400 words in length, excluding references. At the top of the abstract, please include your name, email address, and indicate whether your abstract is to be considered for PAPER ONLY, POSTER ONLY, or PAPER OR POSTER. The last category means that you would be willing to present a poster if your abstract is not included in the spoken sessions but is accepted for one of the poster sessions. Please leave several blank lines between this information and your title and abstract, so that we may remove this information for anonymous abstract review. Abstracts submitted but not accepted for the paper sessions will automatically be included in the submissions for poster sessions, unless the abstract is marked PAPER ONLY. WHERE TO SUBMIT: We will accept email submissions only. Email your submissions to cuny(a)ruccs.rutgers.edu Please use "Abstract" as your subject header. If you are submitting more than one abstract, each must be separately emailed. You will receive an email acknowledgment for each abstract you submit. If you are unable to use email to submit your abstract, you must contact the organizers for instructions on submitting a PC-readable disk with the required information and abstract. CONFERENCE DATES AND LOCATION: The conference will be held on March 19-21, 1998, at the Hyatt Regency, New Brunswick, New Jersey, adjacent to the Rutgers University campus. The conference site is easily accessible by shuttle from the Newark and New York airports (Newark is preferable), and by train from New York or Philadelphia. Detailed hotel reservation and travel information will soon be available on the conference web site. For more information, see: http://ruccs.rutgers.edu/cuny98 E-mail questions to: cuny(a)ruccs.rutgers.edu Suzanne Stevenson CUNY98 Conference Organizer Dept of Computer Science, and Center for Cognitive Science Rutgers University ------- End of Blind-Carbon-Copy

28 years, 9 months

next Stanford Child Language Research Forum

by Eve Clark

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ANNOUNCEMENT -- The next STANFORD CHILD LANGUAGE RESEARCH FORUM will take place in April 1999. (There will be no meeting in 1998.) Proposals for workshops or special sessions at the 1999 meeting are welcome. Please send any suggestions, via email, to: <eclark(a)psych.stanford.edu> ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The PROCEEDINGS of CLRF-97 will appear early in 1998, and will be available from Cambridge University Press, as are the Proceedings of earlier meetings (check the CUP Web-site). ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

28 years, 9 months

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