Here are two position notices in the U.K., the first for permanent
positions, the second for a 1994/5 sabbatical in Perception.
From: Bob Remington <RER(a)psy.soton.ac.uk>
Subject: (1) Employment: 2 Lecturer/Research Posts, Psychology, Southampton UK
TWO LECTURERS IN PSYCHOLOGY at University of Southampton
(equivalent of U.S. assistant professorships)
The Department of Psychology at Southampton seeks to make two Lecturer
appointments (one at A grade, the other at either A or B grade) that
will provide the opportunity for well-qualified and highly-motivated
people to develop their research interests in areas that may either
enhance or complement our current research activities. At present, our
key research groupings are in (1) Health and Community Psychology
(including The Centre for Research in Sexual Health) and (2) Human
Development and Learning. However, with the appointment of Professor
Stevan Harnad (from September 1994) we will be establishing a similar
grouping in (3) Cognitive Science.
Research: We are particularly keen to attract active researchers with a
growing track record and clear potential to develop interesting lines
of research. The Department has a wide range of facilities capable of
supporting work across the spectrum of psychological inquiry. In
addition, substantial funds for specialist equipment purchase are
available.
Teaching: Our primary goal is to ensure that we appoint people with
real research strengths. We are, however, concerned to ensure that
appointees have a commitment to strengthening both our undergraduate
and postgraduate teaching programmes.
In seeking to appoint the best possible candidates, the Department
welcomes applications from all appropriately qualified people, including
those who are members of typically under-represented groups, e.g.,
women, ethnic minorities, and people with physical disabilities.
Salary Scales: A: #13,601-#18,855 ($20,402-$28,283) per annum.
B: #19,642-#25,107 ($29,463-$37,661) per annum. For informal
discussion, please contact the Head of Department, Professor Bob
Remington 0703-592-626 or 592-612 (email: RER(a)psy.soton.ac.uk)
Further particulars: Application forms available from the Personnel
Department (quote reference D/316), University of Southampton,
Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ (Tel: 0703-593793). The closing date
for this application is 10th June, 1994.
------------------------------
From: "Bob Remington" <RER(a)psy.soton.ac.uk>
Subject: (2) Employment: 1995 Sabbatical Perception Course, Southampton, UK
For someone who (a) already has a salaried Sabbatical for 1995,
(b) wishes to spend it at The University of Southampton and
(c) is interested in giving a Perception Course while here:
The course consists of 20 lectures, some small group teaching (perhaps
30 hours) and grading. Teaching would start in February 1995 and finish
in June 1995. The visit could therefore go for all or part of a year to
include those dates (it would be possible for the individual to come for
the full year).
Fee for the course will be about #4000 ($6000) (or more, depending on the
the candidate's qualifications). Accommodation, facilities, etc. will
also be provided.
UNIVERSITY OF ST ANDREWS
SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY
Following the award to Professor MD Rugg of a Wellcome Research Leave
Fellowship applications are invited for a fixed-term Teaching and
Research Fellow in the School of Psychology, tenable from 1 October 1994
until 31 December 1997. Applicants should have research and teaching
interests in one or more areas of experimental psychology.
The appointment will be made at the appropriate point on trhe
Other-Related scale #12828-17379.
Application forms and further particulars are available from Personnel
Services, the University, Collgege Gate, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9AJ (Tel:
0334 462562/462563 or out of office hours 462570) to whom completed forms
together with a CV and letter of application should be returned to
arrive NOT LATER THAN 30 JUNE 1994
PLEAE QUOTE REFERENCE NUMBER SL/APSO210
The University operates an Equal Opportunities Policy.
NEW BULGARIAN UNIVERSITY
Department of Cognitive Science
Admission to the Graduate Program in Cognitive Science is open
till July 31.
It offers the following degrees: Post-Graduate Diploma, M.Sc.,
Ph.D.
FEATURES
Teaching in English both in the regular courses at NBU and
in the intensive courses at the Annual International Summer
Schools.
Strong interdisciplinary program covering Psychology,
Artificial Intelligence, Neurosciences, Linguistics, Philosophy,
Mathematics, Methods.
Theoretical and experimental research in integration of the
symbolic and connectionist approaches, hybrid cognitive
architectures, models of memory and reasoning, analogy, vision,
imagery, agnosia, language and speech processing, aphasia.
Advisors: at least two advisors with different backgrounds,
possibly one external international advisor.
International dissertation committee.
INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY BOARD
Elizabeth Bates (UCSD, USA), Amedeo Cappelli (CNR, Italy),
Cristiano Castelfranchi (CNR, Italy), Daniel Dennett (Tufts
University, USA), Charles De Weert (University of Nijmegen,
Holland), Christian Freksa (Hamburg University, Germany), Dedre
Gentner (Northwestern University, USA), Christopher Habel
(Hamburg University, Germany), Douglas Hofstadter (Indiana
University, USA), Joachim Hohnsbein (University of Dortmund,
Germany), Keith Holyoak (UCLA, USA), Mark Keane (Trinity
College, Ireland), Alan Lesgold (University of Pittsburg, USA),
Willem Levelt (Max-Plank Institute of Psycholinguistics,
Holland), Ennio De Renzi (University of Modena, Italy), David
Rumelhart (Stanford University, USA), Richard Shiffrin (Indiana
University, USA), Paul Smolensky (University of Colorado, USA),
Chris Thornton (University of Sussex, England ), Carlo Umilta'
(University of Padova, Italy)
ADDMISSION REQUIREMENTS
B.Sc. degree in psychology, computer science, linguistics,
philosophy, neurosciences, or related fields.
Good command of English.
Address:
Cognitive Science Department,
New Bulgarian University,
54 G.M.Dimitrov Blvd.,
Sofia 1125, Bulgaria,
tel.: (+3592) 731330,
fax: (+3592) 731495,
e-mail: cogs(a)adm.nbu.bg or kokinov(a)bgearn.bitnet
Az egri Eszterhazy Karoly TF Filozofia Tsz-e,
a nyiregyhazi Bessenyei Gyorgy TF Filozofia Tsz-e,
a szegedi Juhasz Gyula TF Filozofia Tsz-e
valamint
az MTA Miskolci Bizottsaganak Filozofiai Munkabizottsaga
1994 junius 9-en reggel 9 orai kezdettel
az Eszterhazy Karoly TF D epulet 231-es termeben
(Eger, Leanyka utca 6-8)
H.G. Gadamer es a filozofiai hermeneutika aktualitasa
cimmel tudomanyos vitaulest szervez.
===========================================================================
PROGRAM:
9 ora: Megnyito
Bevezeto eloadas:
Loboczky Janos: Gadamer es a hermeneutikai hagyomany megujitasa
Korreferatumok es vita:
Kiss Lajos Andras: A megertes problemaja Schleiermacher hermeneutikajaban
Lorinczne Thiel Katalin: Eletfilozofia es hermeneutika
Mester Bela: A nyelv interszubjektiv termeszete es a beszelo autonomiaja
== SZUNET ==
Korreferatumok es vita:
Kariko Sandor: "Termekeny beszelgetes" - a tortenelem megerteserol es
magyarazatarol
Reke Lajos: A pszichoanalitikus helyzet mint hermeneutikai szituacio:
D.P. Spence: _Narrative Truth and Historical Truth_ _(Meaning and
Interpretation in Psychoanalysis)_ c. konyve alapjan
Lovasz Tunde: A gyanakvas hermeneutikaja
Toth Vilmos: Az eloiteletek arnyalt megkozelitesenek igenye Gadamer
gondolatrendszereben
== EBED ==
12:30-1:30
1:30-tol VITA es KOTETLEN BESZELGETES
Forwarded Material:
*VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV*
>Date: Tue, 31 May 1994 13:58:00 PDT
>Reply-To: "Gessler, Nicholas (G) ANTHRO" <gessler(a)ANTHRO.SSCNET.UCLA.EDU>
>Sender: General Anthropology Bulletin Board <ANTHRO-L(a)UBVM.CC.BUFFALO.EDU>
>From: "Gessler, Nicholas (G) ANTHRO" <gessler(a)ANTHRO.SSCNET.UCLA.EDU>
>Subject: references to COMPUTATIONAL EMERGENCE
>X-To: DARWIN-L(a)ukanaix.cc.ukans.edu, ANTHRO-L(a)UBVM.cc.buffalo.edu
>To: Multiple recipients of list ANTHRO-L <ANTHRO-L(a)UBVM.CC.BUFFALO.EDU>
>
>Sarich was interested in references on the concept of emergence under
>whatever name. It would certainly be nice to see an historical trajectory of
>the referents to the term and its auxilliary concepts, and its relation to
>discussions of teleology, reductionism, vitalism, etc. I can offer the
>following recent sources, but all refer to deterministic computational
>emergence, a referent which cannot be more than a few decades old. It would
>be enlightening to know in what ways computational emergence is congruent
>with pre-computational definitions of the term. An answer to that question
>would likely have to wait for the results of computational approaches to
>pre-computationally formulated problems in t he biological and social
>evolutionary sciences. Nevertheless, it does seem that we now have a
>computational method for dealing with some problems which were intractable
>when Kroeber was formulating his arguments on the "superorganic" in 1917.
>
>==========
>
>CELLULAR AUTOMATA:
>
>Gutowitz, Howard, editor 1991. CELLULAR AUTOMATA - THEORY AND EXPERIMENT.
>Special Issues of Phyusica D. Cambridge: MIT Press, A Bradford Book
>(Elsevier Science).
>
>Forrest, Stephanie, editor 1991. EMERGENT COMPUTATION - SELF-ORGANIZING,
>COLLECTIVE, AND COOPERATIVE PHENOMENA IN NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL COMPUTING
>NETWORKS. Special Issues of Physica D. Cambridge: MIT Press, A Bradford
>Book, (Elsevier Science).
>
>AMERICAN ARTIFICIAL LIFE:
>
>Langton, Christopher G., editor 1989. ARTIFICIAL LIFE (I) - PROCEEDINGS OF
>AN INTERDISCIPLINARY WORKSHOP ON THE SYNTHESIS AND SIMULATION OF LIVING
>SYSTEMS, HELD SEPTEMBER 1987 IN LOS ALAMOS, NEW MEXICO. Santa Fe Institute,
>Studies in the Sciences of Complexity, Volume VI. Redwood City:
>Addison-Wesley.
>
>Langton, Christopher G., Charles Taylor, J. Doyne Farmer, and Steen
>Rasmussen, editors 1991. ARTIFICIAL LIFE II - PROCEEDINGS OF THE WORKSHOP ON
>ARTIFICIAL LIFE HELD FEBRUARY 1990 IN SANTA FE, NEW MEXICO. Santa Fe
>Institute, Studies in the Sciences of Complexity, Proceedings Volume X.
>Redwood City: Addison-Wesley.
>
>Langton, Christopher, G., editor 1994. ARTIFICIAL LIFE III - PROCEEDINGS OF
>THE WORKSHOP ON ARTIFICIAL LIFE HELD JUNE, 1992 IN SANTA FE, NEW MEXICO.
>Santa Fe Institute, Stucies in the Sciences of Complexity, Proceedings Volume
>XVII. Reading: Addison-Wesley.
>
>Brooks, Rodney and Pattie Maes, editors 1994. ARTIFICIAL LIFE IV -
>PROCEEDINGS OF THE WORKSHOP ON ARTIFICIAL LIFE HELD JULY, 1994 IN CAMBRIDGE,
>MASSACHUSETTS. Cambridge: MIT Press, A Bradford Book. (In Press.)
>
>EUROPEAN ARTIFICIAL LIFE:
>
>Varela, Francisco J. and Paul Bourgine, editors 1992. TOWARD A PRACTICE OF
>AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIRST EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON
>ARTIFICIAL LIFE. Cambridge: MIT Press, A Bradford Book.
>
>Meyer, Jean-Arcady and Stewart W. Wilson, editors 1991. FROM ANIMALS TO
>ANIMATS - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIRST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SIMULATION OF
>ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR. Cambridge: MIT Press, A Bradford Book.
>
>Meyer, Jean-Arcady Meyer, Herbert L. Roitblat, and Stewart W. Wilson, editors
>1993. FROM ANIMALS TO ANIMATS 2 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECOND INTERNATIONAL
>CONFERENCE ON SIMULATION OF ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR. Cambridge: MIT Press, A
>Bradford Book.
>
>JOURNALS:
>
>ARTIFICIAL LIFE, edited by Christopher G. Langton. Cambridge: MIT Press
>Journals.
>
>ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR, edited by Jean-Arcady Meyer. Cambridge: MIT Press
>Journals.
>
>EVOLUTIONARY COMPUTING, edited by Kenneth De Jong. Cambridge: MIT Press
>Journals.
>
>==========
>
>NOTE: Rodney Brooks has written a series of entertaining articles on the
>ramifications of the concept entitled "Elephants Don't Play Chess,"
>"Intelligence Without Reason," and "Intelligence Without Representation."
>Luc Steels has defined several ranked levels of emergence, from
>"self-organization" to "emergent functionality" which should appear in press
>soon. Both gentlement work in robotics and are trying, among other things,
>to design robots which will work together cooperatively. This is a sort of
>robot "culture."
>
>==========
>
>Nick Gessler
>gessler(a)anthro.sscnet.ucla.edu
>gessler(a)alife.santafe.edu
>
>"Artificial Life is 'rich.'"
>Ernst Mayr, Stephen Gould, Anatol Rapoport.
>(Ostentatious appeal to authority.)
>
>===== end =====
>
>
Forwarded Material:
*VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV*
>Date: Tue, 31 May 1994 10:46:00 PDT
>Reply-To: "Gessler, Nicholas (G) ANTHRO" <gessler(a)ANTHRO.SSCNET.UCLA.EDU>
>Sender: General Anthropology Bulletin Board <ANTHRO-L(a)UBVM.CC.BUFFALO.EDU>
>From: "Gessler, Nicholas (G) ANTHRO" <gessler(a)ANTHRO.SSCNET.UCLA.EDU>
>Subject: Emergent Properties
>X-To: DARWIN-L(a)ukanaix.cc.ukans.edu, ANTHRO-L(a)UBVM.cc.buffalo.edu
>To: Multiple recipients of list ANTHRO-L <ANTHRO-L(a)UBVM.CC.BUFFALO.EDU>
>
>To continue a periodic discussion on Darwin-L and Anthro-L on the notion of
>EMERGENCE as it is being used in the Artificial Life community, I am
>forwarding the following article that was posted on the "Emergence" bulletin
>board at alife.santafe.edu. In our own Artificial Life group at UCLA the
>subject of emergence has come up numerous times, and although David Tinker
>was not present he has captured much of what was said. What we
>arrived at as a definition follows Luc Steels' formalization which
>goes something like this: "Given a system with a global behavior
>completely determined by the local behaviors of its components, a
>global behavior can be said to be EMERGENT if it requires a set of
>descriptors which is different from the set required to describe the
>local behaviors."
>
>Someone on Darwin-L asked rhetorically whether anyone in evolution still
>believed in Teleology. It would be interesting to rephrase that question to
>ask whether any phenomena explained as teleological in a non-computational
>paradigm could be subsumed under the the computational paradigm of emergence?
>I suspect so. I also have a nagging suspicion that emergence is central to
>biological evolution and possibly also to cultural evolution, if not the
>entire range of natural phenomena. I've breached the subject with Gould,
>Rapoport, and Mayer who have all commented that the field of Alife is "rich."
>
>To obviate any misunderstandings, in my view evolution is a change in gene
>(or trait) frequency in a population over time (I will not use the word
>"progress)." And cultural evolution can come about through both Darwinian
>and Lamarckian mechanisms {appeal to authority: Mayer}.
>
>I must admit I'm having difficulty keeping up with this thread on several
>bulleting boards, but even though the postings are sporadic, they are
>fruitful.
>
>Nick Gessler
>gessler(a)anthro.sscnet.ucla.edu
>gessler(a)alife.santafe.edu
>
>------------------------------------------------------------------------------
>FORWARDED FROM: Gessler, Nicholas (G) ANTHRO
>Return-Path: <gessler(a)alife.santafe.edu>
>Albbs: MIT Press Artificial Life ONLINE Bulletin Board System
>Date: Fri, 27 May 94 15:08:30 MDT
>From: gessler(a)alife.santafe.edu
>Message-Id: <9405272108.AA26534@albbs>
>To: gessler(a)anthro.sscnet.ucla.edu (dtinker(a)alife.santafe.ed)
>Subject: Re: Emergent Properties
>Newsgroups: alife.bbs.emergence
>X-Newsreader: TIN [version 1.2 PL2]
>In article <2qul6k$e8r(a)tierra.santafe.ede> you wrote:
>
>: To try and start a little discussion in this fascinating area, I'm
>: reposting an article I put in "talk.origins" some time ago. Much
>: of what I said then is probably old hat to readers here, but I'd be
>: interested in reactions and other ideas. (By the way if anyone is
>: interested in the bibliography mentioned in this posting, I still have
>: it - let me know if you'd like a copy via E-mail).
>
>: ========================
>: Newsgroups: talk.origins
>: From: dtinker(a)gpu.utcs.utoronto.ca (David Tinker)
>: Subject: Emergent Properties. I. Introduction
>: Organization: University of Toronto, Biochemistry
>: Date: Wed, 11 Nov 1992 15:50:22 GMT
>
>: The recent spate of articles in talk.origins on "emergent properties"
>: generated some heat, but not much light! My colleague, Larry Moran,
>: objects to the term because he suspects (wrongly) that it is based on
>: non-mechanistic or vitalistic superstition, and (rightly) that the term
>: implies there is an obstacle to the reductionist agenda in biology.
>: Other postings imply that the term "emergent properties" is tautologous,
>: and not unique to biology; it has been claimed that everything has emergent
>: properties, so the adjective "emergent" is meaningless.
>
>: I think the topic is worth further exploration, and submit this article to
>: stimulate discussion. I hope that we have not seen the last word on this
>: topic.
>
>: First, I do not think there is a satisfactory closed definition of the term
>: "emergent", nor is it universally used by the research school most concerned
>: with such properties, the 'Artificial Life' community. Nevertheless I
>: believe the concept is so well accepted in this community that the term can
>: be used casually with the assurance that it is understood. I turned to my
>: well-thumbed copy of "Artifical Life I" and searched in the annotated
>: bibliography and in the index for terms like "emergent" - see below for the
>: results. Nowhere did I find a definition that would satisfy Larry Moran,
>but
>: in re-reading the articles I found many clues to a definition. So, being
>: willing to be called a fool, I will essay a definition:
>
>:
>=============================================================================
>: A system may be said to possess "emergent properties" when (a) it is
>composed
>: of a collection of entities, (b) it has global properties, obeying well-
>: characterised rules that may be used for predictive purposes, that arise
>from
>: non-linear combinations of local interactions among the entities, and (c)
>the
>: rules do not depend specifically on the chemical nature of the entities."
>:
>=============================================================================
>
>: Glosses:
>: By "entities" I mean systems which may exist independently, and which
>: make up the system by simple addition to it. Thus the protein molecules
>: in a crystal are entities in this sense, but the atoms in a molecule are
>: not "entities" composing the molecule.
>
>: By "non-linear" I simply mean the mathematical connotation, as in
>"non-linear
>: function". I wished to use this term in the definition rather than the
>: less general adjective "non-additive".
>: ===========================================================================
>
>: Now some questions and tentative answers.
>
>: 1. Do such systems exist?
>:
>: Yes they do. Three systems with emergent properties that have been
>: well examined are (a) artificial neural networks, (b) organisms that
>: exhibit schooling or flocking behaviour, and (c) cellular automata.
>
>: 2. You say that the properties are independent of chemical nature of the
>: entities. Does this mean you espouse a non-mechanistic view?
>:
>: Not at all. Let's take flocking behaviour as an example. It appears
>: to arise when entities have a mechanism for detecting spatial proximity
>: of identical entities and a feedback mechanism for maintaining a range
>: of postions relative to their neighbours. Essentially identical
>: behaviour can arise in organism as diverse as fish, insects and birds.
>: It could also arise in collections of robots made out of Lego (tm) - all
>: that is required is there be physical mechanisms for _instantiating_
>: the local interactions. If I were studying sandpipers, say, I would
>: certainly hope to elucidate the physiological and biochemical mechanisms
>: of recognition and feedback, and to learn how the relevant genes have
>: evolved to optimise these interactions for efficient flocking behaviour.
>: The _instantiation_ of the behaviour does depend on mechanisms which
>: obey the laws of physics and chemistry, but the behaviour itself trans-
>: cends these laws.
>
>: 3. Aren't these rules merely empirical inventions that will be unnecessary
>: when we understand the mechanisms fully?
>:
>: I don't think so. The work in this area indicates many of the "rules"
>: governing such properties are universal, and have a formal logical
>: structure and grammar. In the sense that thermodynamics is a formal
>: system independent of any specific physical system, so are the laws
>: governing emergent properties. However, it is true that like
>: thermodynamics, "emergo-dynamics" will be ultimately related to
>: lower-level physical theories.
>
>: 4. Aren't all properties of matter "emergent" - e.g. the properties of
>: water?
>:
>: Not in the sense I have defined. The properties of water depend
>: absolutely on the specific interactions of water molecules, whereas
>: the properties I have called "emergent" would arise no matter what
>: entities are involved.
>
>: 5. Simple things like flocks and cellular automata don't convince me -
>: these are just computer games. Is there any evidence that *real*
>: biological behaviour can be 'explained' by such notions?
>:
>: I'm glad you asked. See the amazing chapter by P. Hogeweg (cited below)
>: in which he models such high-level behaviours as bumblebee sociology.
>: The fact that successful models of living systems can be constructed
>: out of computer instructions or Lego indicates that the properties being
>: modelled are 'real' ones.
>
>: 6. Wait a minute! I'm beginning to think you are a Moravecian (see Hans
>: Moravec, "Mind Children"). Do you really think biological properties
>: including (choke) consciousness could arise in machines? Is Data (in
>: Star Trek) really human after all? Do you think human beings are
>: machines?
>:
>: Yes. In fact, my conviction that my humanity has "emerged" from the
>: properties of molecules contributes mightily to that emergent property
>: of me, that I call a "religious world-view".
>
>: 7. How can I learn more about such area so that I can critically discuss
>: this topic on talk.origins?
>:
>: Start with the "Artificial Life" volumes from the Santa Fe insitute,
>: published by Addison Wesley. In my next posting, I'll re-post a
>: *long* annotated bibliography that was prepared by G. Miller and P. Todd,
>: and posted in sci.bio a year ago.
>
>: -----
>: Bibliography and Footnotes:
>: ==========================
>
>: >From the annotated bibliography, in C.G. Langton, editor, "Artificial
>: Life I", pp 527-625, Addison Wesley, 1989.
>
>: (a) Titles containing the word "_emergent_" or "_emergence_".
>: =============================================================
>: J.H. Holland. "Studies of the Spontaneous Emergence of Self-Replicating
>: Systems using Cellular Automata and Formal Grammars." In A. Lindenmayer
>: and G. Rozenberg, editors, "Automata, Languages, Development", pp 385-404,
>: North Holland, 1976.
>
>: J.J. Hopfield. "Neural Networks and Physical Systems with Emergent
>: Collective Computational Abilities." Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 79:2554-2558,
>: 1982.
>
>: S.A. Kauffman. "Emergent Properties in Random Complex Automata."
>: Physica D, 10, 1984.
>
>
>: (b) Titles that are germane to this posting.
>: ============================================
>: C.W. Reynolds. "Flocks, Herds and Schools: A Distributed Behavioural
>: Model". Computer Graphics: Proceedings of SIGGRAPH '87, 21(4):25-34,
>: July 1987.
>
>: S. Wolfram, editor. "Theory and Applications of Cellular Automata."
>: World Scientific, Singapore, 1986.
>
>: P. Hogeweg. "MIRROR beyond MIRROR, Puddles of LIFE". In C.G. Langton,
>: editor, "Artificial Life I", pp 297-316, Addison Wesley, 1979.
>
>
>
>: Towards a legitimisation of emergent behaviour?
>: ===============================================
>: >From C.G. Langton, in "Artificial Life I" page 3:
>: " The "key" concept in AL is _emergent behaviour_. Natural life emerges
>: out of the organized interactions of a great number of nonliving
>molecules,
>: with no global controller responsible for the behaviour of every part.
>: Rather, every part is a behav_or_ itself, and life is the behav_ior_ that
>: emerges out of all the local interactions among individual behav_ors_. It
>: is this bottom-up, distributed, local determination of behaviour that AL
>: employs in its primary methodological approach to the generation of
>: lifelike behaviors. "
>
>: >From R. Dawkins, _ibib._ page 209 (discussing the biomorphs produced by his
>: 'Blind Watchmaker' program):
>: " ... Our watchword is that as much as possible must emerge rather than
>being
>: designed. But having seen the range of phenotypes that emerge from the
>: basic program, can we think of any modifications to the basic program that
>: seem likely to unleash opulent flowerings of new emergent properties? ...
>"
>
>: --
>
>: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
>: : Prof. David O. Tinker INTERNET: dtinker(a)blunile.guild.org :
>: : Dept. of Biochemistry uunet.ca!beltrix!blunile!dtinker :
>: : University of Toronto FAX: (416)978-8548 :
>: : Toronto, Ont. M5S 1A8 VOICE: (416)978-3636 :
>: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
>: : Blue Nile Software INTERNET: postmaster(a)blunile.guild.org :
>: : 16 Victoria St. :
>: : Markham, Ont. L6C 1A7 VOICE: (905) 887-5631 :
>: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
>
>
